SPICE Chart Essay Example

SPICE Chart Paper Hey could work their way up. Their children could get an education and become middle class. The spinning wheel came mechanized. Because of this there was a huge need for weavers to weave because their job was not mechanized. The weavers soon joined the middle class. As the Industrial Revolution grew, gap shrinks and for the working class, it became hard for them to switch classes when weaving became mechanized. Workers became unskilled and were paid less. As the new factory system came in to play the working class was affected once again. The target workers were pauper children who were forced into semi- forced labor. Orphanages farmed them out and forced them to work. Factory Act of 1802- first act that regulated the pauper children but had no effect because no inspectors to enforce. Factory Act of 1 833-children 14-18, 12 hour work day limit and for adults 16 hour limit. Factory owners were now required to set up schools. Prior to Industrial Revolution, cottage industry. Women and men worked alongside each other and were an economical unit but with factory work impossible to maintain house work. So men worked in the industry and women stayed home. Still patriarchal society. Ethnic groups lived together led to easier assimilation. Tenements torn down because of health hazards. Mexico gained their independence in 1824. There were major social issues. There was no way for the lower class to advance and only the rich benefited from the Revolution. There were inequalities in wealth and no middle class existed. In Argentina, women could not vote, hold office, testify on court and when they married, their husband gained all her legal rights. Education slowly grew as well. Political)State-Building, Expansion and Conflict Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, transactional, and global structures and organizations The working class was greatly effected because the skilled who were once alluded were replaced with machines. This resulted in the Lulled Movement which rejected new innovations and broke machines and w anted to go back to the old ways. Urban working class begins to realize their abuses. Class consciousness begins and labor movements begin. We will write a custom essay sample on SPICE Chart specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on SPICE Chart specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on SPICE Chart specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Result in an increase of trade unions and socialism Industrial Revolution began in Europe but first in Great Britain. It had rivers which provided power for the 1st factories. It had coal, textile, iron and steel. Enclosure Acts passed allowed for more land available for private use. This resulted in large, more efficient farms so no need for small farms. Many English peasants were no longer able to use the Commons for their own uses such as cattle grazing so they more to the cities. Farming also becomes less intensive. The Reasons for Revolution include many engineers for innovations, large amounts of wealth from the colonies. A stable government to support entrepreneurs. Religious values emphasizing hard work. Large supplies of coal and iron and large numbers of people willing to work. Mexico gained their independence in 1824. General Santa Ana- Custodial in the asses. Extremely autocratic. He stormed the Alamo in Mexican American War. 1848- Treaty of Guagalupeltihildalgo ends the Mexican American War. Bonito Journey takes power and is seen as a hero (asses). Conservatives who wants the power of church, little change and a strong government versus the liberals secular government who wanted change and a federal government. Bonito introduce La Reforms. In 1857, he set up a new constitution and wanted to cut the power Of the church. He also tried to take land from the Native Americans and sell it. This reforms had an opposite affect because the rich got the land quickly. The conservatives got made and started a reform and a civil war broke out In 1862, the French sent troops to repress the conservatives. And put Maximally Von Hapsburg on the throne. An Austrian who tried to help Mexico. He tried to bring back La Reforms and this gets Curare and his conservatives mad and the king was killed by a firing squad. Bonito Curare comes back into power with good intentions but his reign becomes more and more autocratic in 1872. Succeeded by Profit Ditz. He becomes the leader for 35 years but is overthrown eventually. . The poor stayed poor but eventually fought back. Ditz sent out the Rules to put down a Revolution and he rigged the election for 35 years. But people became fed up with his rule and 10 year revolution begins. Argentina. SST. Martin helps them gain their independence in 1816. Juan Manuel De Rosa was the one who came into power in 1831. He maintains power till 1852. Prior to his rule, there was a conflict between the liberals and conservatives. De Rosa was a federalist who wanted powerful local governments and favored ranchers and people living around Buenos Aries. People spoke out against him were exiled and in 1853, Alberta created a new constitution with new reforms. He believed in immigration and national unity. In the asses, Argentina prospers till the asses due to good presidents. Domingo Sacramento in 1862, famous Arthur, critical of custodial. The government was stable so foreigners invested. In the asses, socialist party forms and demand more rights, the government suppresses them. Interaction Between Humans and the Environment Demography and disease Migration Patterns of settlement and technology Britain tried to keep the Industrial Revolution a secret till 1 825, artisans and professionals could not leave England. Stopped migration. As the new factory system came in to play the working class was affected once again. Clean villages became dark polluted industrial cities. Conditions worsened for the urban poor workers. Seamstress work- little girls go blind because little eight and kids worked in mines which stunted their growth and they were treated like animals. Many people moved into cities. 1891-54% of the population lived in cities. Every piece of land was owned and narrow allies, had open sewers, houses were wall to wall. Edwin Chadwick sanitary idea. Cities cleaner so less death. 1880- Death rate declined because of built sewers and cities were cleaner. Serbian planning starts. 18005 public transportation builds so people could live farther away from the city. Because of the second Industrial Revolution, Europeans left homes and came to the U. S. Overall terrible living conditions. Asses. Rupees population is 20% of the worlds. 477 million. In 1570, spike in population led to agricultural revolution and farmers experimented with new innovations. Great Britain by 1900 had largest level of development. Peasants war free to move so mobile. Better transportation, Europeans began migrating out of Europe. They went to the U. S. , Canada, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina. Population between 1750 and 1850 triples in Britain. General Migration into cities. In Argentina, the Native Americans were kicked off from the Pampas. Population triples as well. 3. 5 million immigrants came. Many Italians and Russians. Italians called goldmines because migrated for the harvest. Fusion of cultures. Cultures Religions, Belief systems, philosophies and ideologies Science and technology The arts and architecture Inventions of the Industrial Revolution -1 733-John Kay fly shuttle. One person instead of two could operate the loom. Increase in weaving output mean larger demand for yarn. -sasss James Harvests-Spinning jenny. Mechanized spinning wheel. -1769 Richard Aright-water frame. Spin multiple treads, at first operated on water power. -sasss firm Bolton and Watt produces a more efficient steam engine. Used to power water pumps, blast furnaces. First factories in the countryside need the water power. 1800-power loom. Mechanical Spinning overwhelmed the hand weavers. -Advancements in making of iron allowed for steam powered river boats -asses-locomotives ASSES-OR construction asses-Manchester- Liverpool Railroad. Encouraged larger factories and more sophisticated machinery. Contributed to the growth of the working class. All the major inventions of the industria l Revolution occurred in Britain. The French, Germans, Belgians didnt make the inventions they borrowed them. Originally factories hired whole families so parents could look over children while they worked. Second Industrial Revolution. Focused more on iron and steel. Henry Bessemer-Bessemer Process found a way to mass produce steel cheaply. Steel making becomes major industry. Chemical industry grows, increase of chemical by-products. Increase production of sulfuric acid, laundry soap, dye, synthetic things. Margarine-substitute of butter for poor. Application of electrical energy. Made factories more accessible, and their construction more efficient and flexible. They could now run 24/7 and did not have to be close to a water source. Carters develop, groups of companies working together to contract prices and product Automobile invented with internal combustion engine. Nicholas Otto German inventor who built 1st 4 stroke internal combustion engine. Car companies founded. France led automobile industry. The 2nd Industrial revolution led to steel, chemicals, iron, electricity, and automobile which led to a push of new energy sources. Petroleum. Liberals. Rich men who believe all careers should be open to talent and representative government and written constitutions and freedom of press, and rights of assembly. Liberals are not pro democracy because they dont not want the lower classes to obtain power The Iron Law of Wages. Richard the idea that if you have low wages, the poor will never have high wages. Economic Systems Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Industrialization Capitalism and socialism In England banks were private partnerships and investors and conservative because if investments failed they could lose everything. Continentals-bank corporations- limited liability, many investors with small stocks. Nil 815- France, Germany, Netherlands, and Belgium seer protective tariffs and encouraged the building of infrastructure. Because of the new industry, a lot of banks fail and investments slowed. Bad weather led to European framed to compete with foreign farmers which led to lower food prices and immigrants leave cities to go to the U. S. Cottage Industry-family would buy raw wool and women would spin it into yarn and men made it into cloth. Classical Economists. The workers were considered lazy by those above them. The Wealth of Nations is considered a classical description of the market economy. Adam Smith. Natural price is the actual worth of product. Market price is what it is sold for. Invisible hand is the idea that the market is self-regulating. Forces of consumers and producers balance each other out and reach equilibrium. Smith also believes mercantilism is bad because he thinks its a government monopoly. He advocates for equal and free trade without tariffs. Lassies Fairer- government should stay out of economy. Smith believes this but only if there are no monopolies. Smith believes government should intervene when monopolies happen. Socialism was common ism in the 18th century. Also Marxism. French Utopian Socialists before Karl Marx wanted a perfect civilizations. Karl Mark and Frederick Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. The idea that people with social differences are at odds with each other and the cycle of the oppressor and the oppressed.

Discuss the argument whether Freuds theory of psycho-analysis is falsifiable or not The WritePass Journal

Discuss the argument whether Freuds theory of psycho-analysis is falsifiable or not Introduction Discuss the argument whether Freuds theory of psycho-analysis is falsifiable or not IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction This essay will discuss the argument whether Freuds theory of psycho-analysis is falsifiable or not. The ways in which Freud himself tried to view his theory as errorless are going to be explained and Karl Poppers approach to the pseudo-science is going to be discussed. Contradict opinions to Popper’s theory are going to be referred to also. Sigmunds Freud psycho-analytic theory had been very influential in the course of psychology. His ideas had been generally considered as correct and fundamental for newer theories. Many assumed so because it was always able to provide explanation to any state and therefore thought of psycho-analysis as unfalsifiable. Webster (1995) mentions that what theorists firstly considered as an advantage of Freuds theory was the fact that he discovered a way of proposing his own hypothesis and therefore finding theoretical solutions on a pseudo-empirical basis. In fact, Freud firstly made assumptions about phenomena which were not previously observed and then suggested that he is the only person capable of investigating this entity. Karl Popper (1963) stated that in order for a theory to be scientific, it has to be testable. This can be a problem for the psycho- analysis. Popper assumed that this theory provides explanations for any possible situations and cases and therefore it is, especially by its supporters, considered as flawless. It is important to note that, by Popper, this is not seen as an advantage of Freuds theory. He disagreed with such opinions and supported these ideas by stating that Freuds theory, or psycho-analysis as whole, is not refutable. However, he thought that this makes the theory not stronger, but much weaker, as it does not take any unpredictable scenarios into consideration. Poppers suggestion was to test the theories while one gets to a point when this theory is viewed as refuted. He also mentioned that psycho-analysts suppose they can explain every case in terms of their theory. It is also necessary to say that Popper did not consider those theories, which were found to be non-scien tific as not valid or insignificant. He simply supposed that such theories cannot be supported empirically but only can be outcomes of observation. When it comes to the theories of personality or also other hypothesis, every one of them is always tested in a process of acceptance. If it does not provide a satisfying explanation, newer and different solutions are looked for and tested again. A prove of such testability is that the theory offers explanations for unexpected finding and it does not only adjust the findings to itself. But Poppers idea might have been slightly different from this. Although he should get credit for reasonable doubting of Freuds theory, in general, he thought that everything needs to be testable in order to be scientific. And this might conclude in testing and therefore refuting and rejecting every idea which is not scientific. Constant testing of theories does not bring them closer to being proven right, by contrast, many might provide proofs of being falsifiable, but this won’t be noticed as further tests of falsification will follow.This would most probably conclude in rejecting most of the ps ychological theories. However, Webster (1995) emphasised that this is something Popper was aware of. Many theorists, mistakenly, supposed that the way how to show that the psycho-analysis is not a pseudo-science is to prove that is it testable (Cioffi, 1998). Grà ¼nbaum (1986) disagreed with Popper and he supported his opinion by saying that Freud was open to provide explanations to situations which were not predicted by his theory, but no such instances were found. Grà ¼nbaum therefore stated that psycho-analysis is a testable theory. He supported his arguments by using an example from Freuds 1925 paper in which he admits finding of an individual who contradicts his theoretical assumptions. But what Grà ¼nbaum had not predicted was that Freud did not admit the failure of his theory to describe such situation and later explained also this unexpected finding (Robinson, 1993). This fact proves that Poppers statements about the unfalsifiability of psycho-analysis as relevant. But Grunbaum also stated that the Popper’s criterion is not relevant as there are many different and more appropriate ways to test the differences between pseudo-sciences and real sciences (Eysenck, 1985). Eysenck (1985), have also disagreed with Popper’s statements by pronouncing that the criterion of falsifiability is irrelevant. In order to support his opinion, he provided some instances in which it is clearly showed that Freud’s theory can be proven false and therefore is testable, despite thinking that such criterion is not decisive. Freuds ideas have been widely accepted in the twentieth century. It is surprising that there are still many supporters of Freuds theory among the psychologists as his assumptions have not been scientifically proven and are often compared to the myths. As one of a very few theories, psycho-analysis is still very favoured, although many valid criticisms have been found. Those, who support this theory, will find its ideas always relevant, even if it can conclude in lowering its status among other theories. Although this finding should be, according to Popper (1963), perceived as weakness, it could be also noted that the psycho-analysis is always going to be viewed as very influential, regardless of criticisms. References Cioffi, F. (1998). Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience. USA: Carus Publishing Company. Eysenck, H. J. (1985). Decline and Fall of Freudian Empire. United Kingdom: Harmondworth Grà ¼nbaum, A. (1986). Prà ©cis of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 9, 217-284. Popper, K. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Keagan Paul. Robinson, P. (1993). Freud and His Critics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Webster, R. (1995). Why Freud was wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. United Kingdom: Harper Collins Publishers

Genetic Engineering and Conservation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetic Engineering and Conservation - Essay Example Today, most species face stress factors ranging from global warming, habitat destruction to conflicts and poaching leading to the great reduction in numbers of some species. Conservationists are seeking the help of modern science for designing interventions to control these losses. Genetic engineering is the science of altering one's gene by introduction of a foreign gene for beneficial purposes such as adaptation. Genetic engineering has already contributed to the growth of the agricultural sector making the Genetically modified seed sector alone worth $ 15 million (Thomas et al,2013). However, genetic engineering is not considered a modern strategy since it was used even decades back to make plants more tolerant to certain conditions such as temperature and pest attack, thereby making the genetic tool a reliable tool. Genetic engineering could be used to introduce lost genetic diversity among a threatened population to enable stabilization. For example, in Florida, the population of Florida Panther increase by 100% after members of another closely related species-Puma concolor stanleyana was introduced which worked by decreasing inbreeding (Thomas.et al,2013). Genetic engineering would play an important part in refining this methodology. Another way in which genetic engineering could aid conservation is by recognizing certain beneficial genes and introducing them into vulnerable species. Aquaculture researchers recognized an allele in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that made them withstand high heat. These genes could be introduced through modern tools into the genomes of fish eggs to make them more tolerant of changing conditions.